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\u09ea. \u09ae\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09aa\u09be\u09b2, \u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09be, \u09a8\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09c0 \u09b8\u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u0987 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/p>\n

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Radhaballabh Temple, Baranga (Ramnagar Police Station, Medinipur)<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Chinmoy Das<\/strong><\/p>\n

This story goes back about two hundred years, during the early phase of British rule in Bengal. The Permanent Settlement system had recently been introduced under the administration of Governor-General Lord Cornwallis. Under this system, large zamindars could grant portions of their estates to smaller landlords. These subordinate landholders were known by various titles such as ijaradar<\/em>, patnidar<\/em>, and dar-patnidar<\/em>.<\/p>\n

At the extreme southern edge of Medinipur district, where a short walk would take one into Balasore district of Odisha, lies the small village of Baranga<\/strong>, situated in the Birkul Pargana<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

During the early years of British rule, the English officials in Calcutta suffered greatly from the city’s climate. They conceived the idea of establishing a health resort in Birkul. Governor-General Hastings himself was deeply interested in the project, but he could not bring it to fruition. Moreover, the village of Birkul itself no longer exists. It was located a little south of present-day Digha and has long since been swallowed by the sea. Only the name Birkul<\/strong> survives in government survey records as a pargana. The village was constantly battered by salty sea winds. A patnidar zamindar resided in Baranga village.<\/p>\n

Information about the past of Birkul comes from an account written in June 1787 by Mr. Hewett, an English Collector of Medinipur district. According to this account, Birkul was formerly under the rule of the Raja of Mayurbhanj. Around 1500 CE, a certain Sagar Ray<\/strong>, having obtained a royal grant, established himself as the zamindar of Birkul Pargana. He became the founder of both the zamindari and the Ray family in the area. The stone-built Sagareshwar Shiva Temple<\/strong>, founded by him and bearing his name, can still be seen in the village.<\/p>\n

In later generations, serious deficiencies arose in the administration of the estate. As a result, the zamindari faced various crises, including auction, sale, and fragmentation. This occurred during the reigns of the Nawabs of Bengal, Murshid Quli Khan<\/strong> (1720\u20131727) and Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan<\/strong> (1727\u20131739).<\/p>\n

During this period of upheaval, many small zamindars emerged by assuming responsibility for different tahsils<\/em> (revenue units). Later, many of them became incorporated into the Permanent Settlement system. The Baranga estate was one such example.<\/p>\n

The zamindar’s residence at Baranga was enclosed by a defensive moat (garkhai<\/em>). The temple under discussion was built within this estate compound, adjacent to the residential quarters. Unfortunately, the temple bears no foundation inscription, and no genealogical records of the Baranga zamindar family have survived. Only about two centuries of their history are known today. The earliest known ancestor is Keshab Chandra Das<\/strong>. According to family tradition, Keshab Chandra was the founder of the temple.<\/p>\n

Keshab had two sons\u2014Kanjiram<\/strong> and Andiram<\/strong>. Their descendants and maternal grandsons have now reached the eighth to tenth generations. They continue to maintain the worship of the deity.<\/p>\n

Long ago, all the properties endowed to the deity were lost. Fortunately, this has not affected the regular worship. Even today, the temple conducts worship three times daily. Fruits, sweets, and other offerings are presented in the morning and evening, while the midday worship includes a vegetarian rice offering prepared with at least five side dishes. Devotional offerings brought by worshippers are also regularly performed.<\/p>\n

As this is a temple of Sri Krishna<\/strong>, festivals are celebrated throughout the year. Two major annual events are the five-day Ras Festival<\/strong> and Ratha Yatra<\/strong>. The Ras festival begins on the sacred midnight of Chaturdashi and concludes on the third day with the Dadhi<\/em> ceremony. An open-air Rasmancha<\/strong> (festival pavilion) exists for the occasion.<\/p>\n

Besides Radha-Krishna, the temple also houses Jagannath, Balaram, and Subhadra<\/strong>, and therefore celebrates the Ratha Yatra. Adjacent to the Rasmancha lies a large chariot ground where the festival is held. A sizeable fair accompanies the event. Special celebrations are also observed during Jhulan Yatra, Dol Yatra, Janmashtami,<\/strong> and Radhashtami<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

The east-facing Radhaballabh Temple<\/strong> is a brick-built dalan-style temple<\/strong>. The oldest known temple of this architectural type in India stands beside the Great Stupa at Sanchi in Madhya Pradesh. Other examples include the Parvati Temple at Nachna Kuthara<\/strong> in Bundelkhand and the Shiva Temple at Bhumara<\/strong> in the former Nagod State. These temples were constructed during the Gupta period.<\/p>\n

The construction of such flat-roofed shrines without curved cornices required advanced engineering techniques. Perhaps because of the simplicity and unadorned appearance of dalan temples, some archaeologists have described them as the result of a synthesis between Aryan and non-Aryan religious traditions. Historian Amiya Kumar Bandyopadhyay<\/strong> suggested that as folk deities, once worshipped beneath trees or on earthen altars, gradually attained social prestige, even the Puranic deities adopted some aspects of folk religious practice. As a result, they came to be worshipped in ordinary dalan temples as well.<\/p>\n

Be that as it may, the Radhaballabh Temple at Baranga possesses a distinctly regal appearance. The plinth still rises more than four feet above ground level. The sanctum (garbhagriha<\/em>) is also built on a substantial scale. Although no porch (alinda<\/em>) exists in front of the sanctum today, members of the priestly family recall that there was once a porch supported by circular Corinthian-style columns, along with a broad circumambulatory passage surrounding the temple.<\/p>\n

Although the temple faces east, the staircase leading up to it is located on the northern side. Besides the principal eastern entrance, there is another doorway on the north.<\/p>\n

Terracotta plaques have been used sparingly in the temple’s decoration. A row of plaques runs beneath the straight cornice of the front wall, while two vertical rows of small terracotta panels adorn the corner projections on either side.<\/p>\n

Several noteworthy architectural features deserve mention:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n

    On both the eastern and northern sides, each actual doorway is flanked by two false or replica doorways<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  2. \n

    Similar pairs of replica doorways are also found on the western and southern walls.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  3. \n

    A common feature of temple decoration is the placement of guardian figures (dvarapalas<\/em> or dvarapalikas<\/em>) on either side of a doorway. In some temples, these are replaced by male and female musicians. In this temple, every doorway and every replica doorway is flanked by two sculpted figures.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  4. \n

    Among these sculptures are door guardians, female musicians, and dancers.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  5. \n

    A particularly distinctive aspect is the variety in the physical forms and costumes of these figures. Several photographs are provided, allowing readers to appreciate these features for themselves.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

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