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\u00a0<\/p>\n

Jor Bangla Temple \u2014 Chandrakona (South Bazaar), Medinipur District \u00a0<\/strong>
Chinmoy Das<\/strong><\/p>\n

Today\u2019s discussion is about a Jor Bangla temple. There are many differing opinions about this style of temple. Some say that the originators of this style were the traditional Bengali temple builders (Sutradhars). However, there is a stone-carved piece of evidence that suggests otherwise. Those of us who have visited Sarnath also know its museum. It houses a stone railing on which an image of a Jor Bangla temple is carved. The railing dates to the Shunga period.<\/p>\n

The Shunga dynasty ruled roughly from 187 BCE to 78 BCE. After the fall of the Mauryan dynasty, Pushyamitra Shunga founded this line. Although their reign was relatively brief, learning, art, philosophy, and related pursuits flourished during this era. The creation of small terracotta figurines, large stone carvings, and stone monuments also developed significantly. The Bharhut Stupa and the Sanchi Stupa are among the creations of this period. The carving on the railing proves that the concept and existence of Jor Bangla-style temples already existed by the 1st century BCE, if not earlier.<\/p>\n

The Bengali Sutradhars must certainly have become familiar with this style, because the Shunga Empire extended from Ujjain in the west across the whole of Bengal in the east. In any case, these are matters for archaeologists and scholars to research and debate, beyond the scope of a field surveyor like me.<\/p>\n

Chandrakona is an ancient town with a long history. In its South Bazaar area stands a temple built in the Jor Bangla style. There is no end to the differing opinions about who built it. Without going into detail, four views may be mentioned: \u00a0
1. Some devout people believe that Vishwakarma himself created it, because who other than the divine architect could have produced such an exquisite work? \u00a0
2. Others say that it was originally a Buddhist temple. The mithuna (amorous couple) sculptures on the rear wall are said to be consistent with Buddhist artistic traditions. \u00a0
3. Historians say that it is the work of the Malla dynasty. During the reign of Adi Malla, or Khayer Malla, in the 7th century CE, when the Raghunath Temple and the Malleshwar Shiva Temple were built in Chandrakona, this Jor Bangla temple was also constructed. Later, in 1567\u201368, it too was damaged during Kalapahad\u2019s campaign. \u00a0
4. Some also speculate that in 1732, when the Bardhaman king Kirti Chandra rebuilt temples damaged during his attack on Chandrakona, he had this temple reconstructed as well.<\/p>\n

According to local tradition, the temple belonged to Lord Rama. Idols of Rama, Sita, Lakshmana, and Hanuman were once housed here. When the temple became severely dilapidated and was abandoned, the idols were taken far from Chandrakona, across the Kethe River, to the monastery or temple house of the Ramanuja community in the village of Nirbhaypur.<\/p>\n

Fortunately, a few years ago, in 2007, the state government undertook a complete restoration of the temple, giving it new life. During the restoration, two pairs of footprints carved in stone were discovered beneath the ground. Believing them to be the footprints of Lord Rama and Goddess Sita, they were installed in the temple and worship began. The priest who has been conducting worship there for 45 years is Kamal Krishna Chakrabarti. He has also installed a Vishnu stone.<\/p>\n

No one appointed the Chakrabarti family as priests. They have continued the worship on their own, spending their own time, labor, and money so that the temple would not once again fall into neglect and ruin.<\/p>\n

But if the community does not care, what can one family do to save a shrine? Neglect and indifference are already there, and now abuse has begun as well. The temple has become a storeroom. Nearby residents keep firewood there, plaster cow-dung cakes on its walls, and pile up quilts and old cloth inside. Who is left to object or explain? The administration is indifferent too.<\/p>\n

The temple was built by joining two rectangular double-sloped structures back to back, each measuring about 26\u00bc feet in length and nearly 8 feet in width. The combined structure measures about 26\u00bc feet long, 15\u00be feet wide, and 20 feet high. The front section serves as the mandapa or jagamohan, while the rear section is the sanctum. A circumambulatory path surrounds the temple on a slightly raised plinth.<\/p>\n

The jagamohan is divided into two sections. First comes a porch, followed by a space where two small recessed chambers flank a narrow passage leading to the sanctum. There are three entrances to the jagamohan, built with masonry pillars and graceful arches. The sanctum has only one doorway. The ceiling of the jagamohan is formed with a continuous arch, while the sanctum ceiling is built in the lahara, or corbelled, style.<\/p>\n

The roofs of the two structures are rounded like the back of an elephant. Each is crowned with three finials consisting, in sequence, of a base, beki, amalaka, bell, kalasha, and staff. In addition, three similar finials have been placed above the front cornice as well. This is a rather rare feature and is not commonly seen.<\/p>\n

The temple faces south and is built of Makra stone. There are no terracotta panels. Its ornamentation consists mainly of a few stucco works in bas-relief, including figures of Krishna, Balarama, and Subhadra, as well as a six-armed image of Gauranga with two companions. The rear wall contains three mithuna panels.<\/p>\n

That is about all. Yet above everything else, the temple is remarkably beautiful. It is as lovely as a pure white swan spreading its wings across the blue sky. But there are no connoisseurs to appreciate it, no guardians to protect it\u2014only the abuse of thoughtless people, which is hastening its decay and deterioration.<\/p>\n

The photographs themselves will make the monument\u2019s sorry condition clear to everyone.<\/p>\n